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Coenred of Mercia
Coenred (also spelled Cenred or Cœnred〔Williams, "Cœnred", in ''Biographical Dictionary'', p. 82〕 fl. 675–709) was king of Mercia, now part of England, from 704 to 709. He was a son of the Mercian king Wulfhere, whose brother Æthelred succeeded to the throne in 675 on Wulfhere's death. In 704, Æthelred abdicated in favour of Coenred to become a monk.
Coenred's reign is poorly documented, but a contemporary source records that he faced attacks from the Welsh. Coenred is not known to have married or had children, although later chronicles describe him as an ancestor of Wigstan, a 9th-century Mercian king. In 709, Coenred abdicated and went on pilgrimage to Rome, where he remained as a monk until his death. In the view of his contemporary, Bede, Coenred "who had ruled the kingdom of Mercia for some time and very nobly, with still greater nobility renounced the throne of his kingdom".〔Bede, ''The Ecclesiastical History of the English People'', Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 267〕 Æthelred's son Ceolred succeeded Coenred as king of Mercia.
==Mercia in the 7th century==
By the 7th century, England was almost entirely divided into kingdoms ruled by the Anglo-Saxons, who had come to Britain two hundred years earlier. The kingdom of Mercia occupied what is now the English Midlands.〔Yorke, "The Origins of Mercia" in Brown & Farr, ''Mercia'', pp. 15–16.〕 Neighbouring kingdoms included Northumbria to the north, East Anglia to the east, and Wessex, the kingdom of the West Saxons, to the south. Essex, the kingdom of the East Saxons, included London and lay between East Anglia and the kingdom of Kent.〔Yorke, ''Kings and Kingdoms''.〕 The earliest Mercian king for whom there is definite historical information is Penda of Mercia, Coenred's paternal grandfather.〔Yorke, "The Origins of Mercia" in Brown & Farr, ''Mercia'', pp. 18–19.〕
The main source for this period is Bede's ''Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum'' (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), completed in about 731. Despite its focus on the history of the church, this work provides valuable information about the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.〔Yorke, ''Kings and Kingdoms'', p. 100.〕 Charters, which recorded royal grants of land to individuals and to religious houses, provide further information on Coenred's reign,〔Hunter Blair, ''Roman Britain'', pp. 14–15.〕〔Campbell, ''The Anglo-Saxons'', pp. 95–98.〕 as does the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', compiled in Wessex at the end of the 9th century. The ''Chronicles anonymous scribe appears to have incorporated much information recorded in earlier periods.〔Simon Keynes, "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", in ''Blackwell Encyclopedia'', p. 35.〕 Coenred is also mentioned in two 8th-century hagiographies, those of Saint Wilfrid and Saint Guthlac.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 PASE Index of Persons )〕
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